6,910 research outputs found

    Influence of flow on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by fatty amines in association with phosphonocarboxylic acid salts

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    This work was carried out to study the inhibition mechanism of a carbon steel in a 200 mg l−1 NaCl solution by a non-toxic multi-component inhibitor used for water treatment in cooling circuits. The inhibitive formulation was composed of 50 mg l−1 fatty amines associated with 200 mg l−1 phosphonocarboxylic acid salts. Steady-state current–voltage curves, obtained with a rotating disc electrode, revealed that the properties of the protective layer were dependent on the electrode rotation rate and on the immersion time. The cathodic process of oxygen reduction was not modified in the presence of the inhibitive mixture. As expected, the current densities increased when the rotation rate was increased. In the anodic range, original behaviour was observed: the current densities decreased when the electrode rotation rate increased. The morphology and the chemical composition of the inhibitive layers allowed the electrochemical results to be explained. Two distinct surface areas were visualised on the metal surface and the ratio between the two zones was dependent on the flow conditions. This behaviour was attributed to a mechanical effect linked to centrifugal force. XPS analysis revealed that the formation of a chelate between the phosphonocarboxylic acid salt molecules and the iron oxide/hydroxide was enhanced by the increase of the electrode rotation rate

    Characteristics of clients referred to a protective agency

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    Quantitative analysis of metastability in reversible diffusion processes via a Witten complex approach: the case with boundary.

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    Prépublication 04-40, IRMAR, UMR-CNRS 6625, Université de Rennes 1 (Août 2004)This article is a continuation of previous works by Bovier-Eckhoff-Gayrard-Klein, Bovier-Gayrard-Klein and Helffer-Klein-Nier. It is concerned with the analysis of the exponentially small eigenvalues of a semiclassical Witten Laplacian. We consider here the case of riemanian manifolds with boundary with a Dirichlet realization of the Witten Laplacian. A modified version of this preprint has been published in Mémoires de la SMF vol. 105, (2006

    Situation nutritionnelle dans le monde : changements et enjeux

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    En dĂ©pit d'une situation nutritionnelle mondiale qui s'amĂ©liore lentement depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, la scĂšne reste dominĂ©e par la persistance massive de problĂšmes de sous-alimentation et de malnutrition au Sud et de maladies chroniques liĂ©es au rĂ©gimes alimentaire du Nord. Depuis quelques annĂ©es sont cependant apparus des changements considĂ©rables dans la perception que pouvait avoir la communautĂ© internationale de la nature des problĂšmes nutritionnels, de leur relation avec la pauvretĂ© et de leur impact sur le dĂ©veloppement. Ces changements offrent de nouvelles perspectives d'approche dans la prĂ©vention et la lutte contre les malnutritions. Enfin, Ă  cĂŽtĂ© des problĂšmes persistants, on note l'Ă©mergence rĂ©cente, dans les pays Ă  faible ou moyen revenu, des maladies liĂ©es au rĂ©gime alimentaire. Cette transition nutritionnelle, largement mĂ©connue, est liĂ©e en grande partie Ă  l'urbanisation. La maĂźtrise de son Ă©volution constitue un des enjeux majeurs du siĂšcle prochain, pour les systĂšmes de santĂ© comme pour la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire Ă  l'Ă©chelle mondiale. Pour prendre en compte l'ensemble de ces problĂšmes, une nouvelle approche est nĂ©cessaire. Au-delĂ  des considĂ©rations Ă©conomiques et de production habituelles, le bien-ĂȘtre nutritionnel des populations devrait constituer l'objectif central des politiques et des programmes de dĂ©veloppement, en particulier agricoles. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur

    La pĂȘche de surface des thonidĂ©s tropicaux dans l'OcĂ©an Indien

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    Les ressources en thon de l'OcĂ©an Indien, bien qu'encore mal connues, font l'objet d'une pĂȘche de plus en plus active. Les prises se sont accrues de plus de 60% entre les annĂ©es 1980 et 1985, passant de 275OOO tonnes Ă  prĂšs de 450OOO tonnes. Les captures de thonidĂ©s tropicaux de surface, principalement listao et albacore, ont presque doublĂ© au cours de cette mĂȘme pĂ©riode, passant de 156OOO tonnes Ă  prĂšs de 300 000 tonnes et le potentiel de pĂȘche de ces espĂšces est encore largement inconnu. Ce document donne un rĂ©sumĂ© des connaissances actuelles sur la biologie des principales espĂšces de thonidĂ©s de l'OcĂ©an Indien, l'environnement ocĂ©anographique des thons et l'influence des conditions de milieu sur la production. Les principales pĂȘcheries artisanales sont dĂ©crites pays par pays. Les rĂ©sultats des nombreuses prospections rĂ©alisĂ©es par des canneurs pĂȘchant Ă  l'appĂąt vivant et des senneurs ou effectuĂ©s par avion sont analysĂ©es. Ces observations et ses rĂ©sultats les plus rĂ©cents des pĂȘcheries industrielles Ă  la senne permettent de dresser de façon succinte un rĂ©capitulatif des secteurs favorables Ă  la concentration des thons en surface, et, par consĂ©quent, des zones potentielles de pĂȘche Ă  la senne et Ă  la canne. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur

    Thermodynamic simulation of atmospheric DLI-CVD processes for the growth of chromium-based hard coatings using bis(benzene)chromium as molecular source

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    Direct liquid injection (DLI) is a new technology particularly convenient for feeding CVD reactors with low volatility molecular precursors. Thus DLI-CVD can operate under atmospheric pressure and is a promising process for industrial applications requiring high precursor flow rates such as continuous deposition. In order to help the experimenter, a thermodynamic approach is particularly suitable for determining the chemistry of the process, i.e. the influence of the main growth parameters such as temperature, total pressure and initial gas phase composition on the nature of the deposited phases. A choice of the most explicit representations of the thermodynamic modelling describing the great trends resulting from the variation of experimental parameters is presented. Thermodynamic calculations in the Cr–C–H, Cr–N–C–H and Cr–C–Cl–H chemical systems were made to predict the atmospheric CVD growth of carbides, nitrides andmetal chromium coatings, respectively. Bis(benzene)chromium (BBC) was used as metalorganic precursor and the calculations simulated respectively the reactive gas phase mixtures BBC/solvent, BBC/NH3/solvent and BBC/C6Cl6/solvent. Even if a satisfactory agreement was found between experimental and theoretical tendencies, the deposition of metastable phases reveals that kinetics can play amajor role in such processes. Based on these results, chromium carbides, nitrides and metal coatings have been successfully deposited by DLI-CVD under atmospheric pressure either as single phased or nanostructured multilayer hard coatings
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